Start studying 1.) 10mm Frog Serials - Level of the Olfactory Placode. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 162-169 Slides: 10-mm frog serial cross sections 10-mm frog representative sagittal sections List of terms Nervous and sensory systems The brain has.
Ross's Embryology Course: Dr. Ross Professor of Office: AH 111 Phone: 321-3436: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday 2:00-4:00 pm.
Additional times by appointment. 'There are two names for everything in anatomy, except. When there are three or more.' Meehan BIOL 211 - Vertebrate Embryology (Fall 2017) Embryology Course Information. Lecture Mon., Wed., and Fri.
9:00-9:50 am in CW 105. Lab Tuesday and Thursday in AH 107. A 9:30- 10:55 am. B: 11:00- 12:25 pm. Lecture and Lab are co-requisites and must be taken concurrently. Biol 211 is a Group I Biology Elective. Offered only during the Fall semester.
Enrolled students can check their quiz and exam scores using. Pdf BIOL 211: Embryology Home Page Contents.:.: 4mm Frog.: Early Chick (thru 33 hr.).: 48 hr. & Live Chick.: 10mm Pig. Lab Exam #5 will be during Final Exam Week. Resources and Quiz info (More resources are listed under ).: Links to resources, Quiz Coverage, etc.: Nervous System.: Sense Organs, Integument, Circulatory Sys. Sys., Mesenteries, Branchial arches, UG Sys.
Comprehensive Lecture Final. Comprehensive Lecture Final: Format and Coverage. Applicable to several lecture Units. News: (Jan. Article, full text and illustration) 'Cloned early-stage human embryos-and human embryos generated only from eggs, in a process called parthenogenesis-now put therapeutic cloning within reach.' Pdf.
Text: Moore, K. Persaud, and Mark G. The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology.
ISBN: 9020. or Moore, K. ISBN 9064. Laboratory Manual: Schoenwolf, G. Laboratory Studies of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Embryos. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9943 Publisher's description of the lab manual:.
or (2001) 8th ed. ISBN 9345. Course Supplement: Ross, Anna E. Biology 211 Lecture and Laboratory Course Supplement. You will receive a printed Supplement handout. Additional material can be accessed through winfile2 biology and/or Moodle. Optional:.
Laboratory Atlas: Wright, Shirley. Photo Atlas of Developmental Biology 1st ed. ISBN 299. Medical Dictionary: Choose a professional-level dictionary, for example: 2005. Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 9908. Students must provide their own disposable gloves (latex or nitrile examination gloves).
Course Resources are available on CBU's biology shared directory Restricted to CBU How to Access the Biology shared Directory Available only on CBU campus and via VPN. Anyone can access the shared volume from any CBU networked Macintosh or PC on campus that can handle file sharing. This includes campus-wide wireless access for your laptop as well as all the PCs in the Computer Center, the Science Building, Buckman, the Library, and Nolan Hall.
A person could also connect to this from their CBU dorm room. Map a network drive (Windows):. Open Computer and click map network drive on the menu bar If you don't have a shortcut to Computer on the desktop, use the file folder icon to windows explorer. Then click the help '?' At the upper right of the menu bar and search help for 'map network drive'. The help box will display a link and instructions. At the Map Network Drive dialog box: o Drive: (just leave whatever drive letter is shown) o Type in Folder: winfile2 biology o Click this check box: Connect using different credentials o Click Finish.
At the Connect As dialog box: o Type in User name: cbu yourusername o Password: your cbu email password (your Active Directory password) o Click OK If you are using a shared computer, don't forget to Disconnect the mapped drive when you are finished. Macintosh:. Make sure that you are in finder and not in an application. In the toolbar, the top left hand corner should say 'Finder' in bold. If it does not, just click on the desktop background. Four places over to the right from the word 'Finder' in the toolbar it should have the word 'Go,' click on that and scroll down to the bottom and click on 'Connect to server.'
. A pop up box will appear. In that box you should have a space to type in that says 'Server Address.' In that space type in the address 'smb://winfile2.cbu.edu/biology' and hit connect. You should now be on the Biology Shared Directory. What's Available: Open the Resources folder for your biology course. Lecture Resources include PowerPoint lecture slides for each course Unit.
Lab Resources include required Digital Images and tutorials sorted by lab topic. Embryology Lab Resources & Assignments:. READ the labels on the microscope slides! The slide boxes contain many different slides. You need to be certain about which slide you need and what you are supposed to notice on each microscope slide. Please take only one microscope slide at a time. Don't park microscope slides on the table tops or in a drawer.
Please return microscope slides to the correct box. Please keep slide boxes in order. You may need to consult your lists of microscope slides (Supplement) to determine where the slides go.
Please keep your microscope clean. Report any damage to slides or scope immediately. Lab Unit 1 Labs # 1-6 Meiosis and Gameto- genesis. (illustrated tutorial) Except we do NOT wrap the microscope cord around the base. Meiosis Stages:.
Cell cycle tutorial:. Scroll down to see and detailed descriptions of meiosis stages. (Arizona). (Wikipedia) includes stages of prophase I). (includes details of Prophase I). (cuny) Answers to Student Questions about Meiosis:. What are 'Primordial germ cells'?
Primordial germ cells are diploid cells, capable of mitosis, that migrate into the developing gonads (testes or ovaries) and will later give rise to diploid spermatogonia or oogonia. Primordial germ cells give rise to the germ cell line, the only cells capable of meiosis. ('Spermatogonia' and 'oogonia' are diploid cells of the germ cell line.). After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids (sister chromatids). As an oogonium or spermatogonium prepares for meiosis I, DNA replication occurs during Interphase, before Prophase I. SYNAPSIS is when the 2 members of a homologous pair of chromosomes 'come close together.' (Synapsis occurs during Prophase I.).
The processes that reduce the chromosome number are Meiosis I and the cytokinesis at the end of Meiosis I (at/after telophase I). So, Meiosis I and cytokinesis result in having only one member from each pair of homologous chromosomes in each cell. The cells produced by Meiosis I are secondary spermatocytes (or, in oogenesis, a secondary oocyte and a polar body.). After DNA replication (during interphase I) up until late Anaphase II (after Meiosis II has separated the centromeres kinetochores of the indivdual chromosomes), each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids. So, what is a tetrad and when is it that we have 4 chromatids close together? Tetrads are present during Meiosis I, particularly during Prophase I (Synapsis).
During Meiosis I, two chromosomes (a homologous pair) find each other. Since each individual chromosome still has 2 chromatids, the homologous pair close together form a 'tetrad' (4 chromatids; but note that a tetrad is actually made up of 2 chromosomes and each chromsome has 2 chromatids joined by a centromere). Meiosis II makes four spermatids and this is Meiosis II/equational meiosis, right? Yes, each primary spermatocyte will eventually give rise to 4 spermatids, but as a result of Meiosis II and cytokinesis, each secondary spermatocyte gives rise to two spermatids.
Memory Help: Events of Prophase I (seen in some Primary Spermatocytes). Leptotene. Synaptene ( Zygotene). Pachytene. Dipl otene. Di akenesis ' Let Zebras Play Dominoes Daily' or 'Let Students. ' Suggested by students in Embryology lab, Fall 2003 Histology of mammal testis and ovary.
Spermatogenesis (Mammal and Frog) and Mammal Oogenesis. PowerPoint Slides prepared by Dr. Ross (full size, updated version is on the shared directory and moodle) restricted to CBU domain. Tutorial Schoenwolf - PowerPoint slide shows are on the shared directory. Gametogenesis Schoenwolf.ppt: includes photos of sectioned ovary and testis that are NOT in the printed lab manual.
(link to a YouTube video). (animation) Mayo clinic. LUMEN (at Loyola Medical School) Human/mammal histology. Annotated images.
Human oogenesis:. 'The rise of FSH at the beginning of the cycle induces a cohort of primordial follicles to enter folliculogenesis. Most crap out along the way. From that beginning to the mature or Graafian follicle takes several cycles to complete. The FSH rise in each cycle coaxes along all the follicles that have entered the 'race' toward ovulation.
Most become atretic along the way, only one or two being ready (in humans) to be shed in response to the LH surge.' Alan Magid, Ph.D. Around day 7-8 of a given cycle there are usually 7-10 Graafian follicles present, that have been growing for a year. For reasons that are still up to debate and further research, usually only 1 (but sometimes 2-3) of these Graafian follicles fully matures and is ovulated.'
Jason LaPres, M.H.S. Oogenesis and Fertilization in Ascaris: Embryology DVD's/Videos for Lab Unit 1 and Lecture Unit 1 Human Reproductive System Anatomy, Histology of Testis and Ovary (DVD's/Videos are available in room AH 107 and may be viewed there). The Human Reproductive System (Benjamin Cummings) 30 min. Diagrams and cadaver dissections. The details presented in this video are appropriate for the embryology course. Male Reproductive System: Scrotum and testes, Epididymis and ductus deferens, Spermatic cord and inguinal canal, Accessory sex glands, and Penis.
![Section Section](/uploads/1/2/5/4/125426841/995747180.jpg)
Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, Uterine tube, Uterus and vagina, External genitalia, and Mammary glands. For Lab Unit 1 and Lecture Unit 1. Male Reproductive System (Histology series, Vol.
For Lab Exercise 2. Know the microscopic anatomy of testis (seminiferous tubules, spermatocytes, sperm, etc.) For embryology we do not study microscope slides of other male reproductive organs covered on this tape. Ovary and Fallopian Tubes (Histology series, Vol. For Lab Exercise 3. Know the microscopic anatomy of the ovary (follicles, oocytes, etc.). For embryology we do not study microscope slides of other female reproductive organs covered on this tape. 6 Internal Organs (Acland Human Anatomy Video Series).
For Lab Exercise 2 and 3. View the sections on male and female reproductive systems (at the end of the tape). The guide booklet gives exact start and stop times for each section. This series features superb views of dissected unembalmed human cadavers with excellent camera work.
Anatomical structures are clearly identified and terms appear on the screen. The Male Pelvis (Guides to dissection series) Detailed cadaver dissection. This tape includes a lot of details you not need to know for the embryology course, but the video does give you excellent views of the process of dissecting a cadaver to reveal many of the reproductive system structures for which you are responsible. Inguinal Canal, Spermatic Cord, and Testis (Guides to dissection series) Detailed cadaver dissection. This tape includes a lot of details you not need to know for the embryology course, but the video does give you excellent views of the process of dissecting a cadaver to reveal many of the reproductive system structures for which you are responsible. The Female Pelvis (Guides to dissection series) Detailed cadaver dissection.
This tape includes a lot of details you not need to know for the embryology course, but the video does give you excellent views of the process of dissecting a cadaver to reveal many of the reproductive system structures for which you are responsible. Frog Embryology: From egg to tadpole (covers early Xenopus development).
Microscope Slide Reminders:. READ the labels on the microscope slides!
The slide boxes contain many different slides. You need to be certain about which slide you need and what you are supposed to notice on each microscope slide.
![10Mm Frog Serial Section 10Mm Frog Serial Section](/uploads/1/2/5/4/125426841/562247452.jpg)
Please take only one microscope slide at a time. Don't park microscope slides on the table tops or in a drawer. Please return microscope slides to the correct box. Please keep slide boxes in order. You may need to consult your lists of microscope slides (Supplement) to determine where the slides go. Please keep your microscope clean.
Report any damage to slides or scope immediately. Lab Unit 1 Lab 7. Acrosome reaction studied in sea urchins ( Scientific American). Starfish.: Early, late cleavage plus Gastrulation and sections (Rutgers) Lab Unit 1 Labs 8 & 9 Frog Rana pipiens cleavage.
(Rutgers) Very good photomicrographs. Assigned for Embryology Lab Unit 1.
(Xenopus movies). Grey Crescent: (Spemann's transplant experiments). Lab Unit 2 4mm Frog Observe the living frog embryos and record your observations on the data form provided in your supplement. Web Resources:.
3-4 mm Frog Embryo. View all images and study the captions!.
5-7 mm Frog Embryo. View all images and study the captions!. Tutorial: Schoenwolf PowerPoint slides available on the shared directory. The material for Lab Exam 2 is called '4mm frog Schoenwolf.ppt'. Lab Unit 3 Early Chick Lab Unit 3: Early Chick.
Correction to Schoenwolf: For our purposes, at these early stages of chick development, we'll consider the Sinus Venosus as is an unpaired portion of the Cardiovascular System that is located at the midline. It receives blood from the paired Vitelline Veins. (There is a misleading label on one of the 33-hr. Photographs.). Tutorials: Schoenwolf PowerPoint slide tutorials are on the shared directory. The tutorials for Lab Exam 3 material are: 'Chicken 33-hr (Schoenwolf).ppt' '18-hr chick (Schoenwolf).ppt' and ' 24-hr chick (Schoenwolf).ppt'.
w.m. And. with interactive labels (Tulane Univ.). Labeled WM and selected c.s.: Select 'View by Systems' then 'Development.' For our Lab Unit 3, see all the images of 24 hr. Chick (w.m., & c.s.).: Blastula and Gastrulation.
Excellent images with captions. (at U Guelph). with interactive labels (Tulane Univ.). (great info on lots of birds that are not chickens). Just for fun: A hen is only an egg's way of making another egg. Samuel Butler Life and Habit (1877).
Lab Unit 4 48 hr. Chick & Live Chick Lab Unit 4: 48 hr.
Chick & Live Chick Embryos. Students must provide their own disposable gloves (latex or nitrile examination gloves) for the first lab in this unit. Correction to Schoenwolf: 9th ed.: p. 155 fig 4.85 Label #14 (should be #12). The #14 line is pointing to one of the paired Precardinal Veins NOT to one of the paired Dorsal Aortae.
8th ed.: Page 121 Fig. 3.85 Same error. Tutorial: Schoenwolf PowerPoint slide tutorial is available on the shared directory. The material for Lab Exam 4 is called '48-hr Chick (Schoenwolf).ppt'. (video). Labeled WM and diagram of optic cup delevopment. (Tulane Univ.).
(video). Lab Unit 5 10 mm Pig Lab Unit 5 10 mm Pig Lab Unit 5: 10 mm Pig.
Students must provide their own disposable gloves (latex or nitrile examination gloves) for the first lab in this unit. Web Resources. photos.
(Tulane Univ.). 6mm (UNSW). With or without labels. 6mm (UNSW). Interactive Quiz.
(video). (video). The Visible Embryo Images of the first nine weeks of human development. (links to photos).
Human Embryo, Stage 13. Tutorial: Schoenwolf PowerPoint slide tutorial is available on the shared directory 'Pig Schoenwolf.ppt'. (great images, scroll through 10 different examples) Unit 5 Lab Materials:. Preserved Specimens for Dissection (first lab session, Unit 5).
Demonstration Materials: Preserved mammal embryos (including human). Models: Human development models Models of human fetus in uterus. 10 mm pig, whole.
Turtox 10 mm pig, selected cross sections (with Turtox key card). Images digitized from Filmstrip (Available on the shared directory) 10 mm pig Note sagittal views. Schoenwolf PowerPoint Slide tutorial on the shared directory. 10 mm pig Note: whole mount, sagittal views, and cross sections.
Microscope Slides (Embryology Slide Box 2) Pig embryo, w.m., 4-6 mm or 8-12 mm Pig embryo, 10 mm rep. 10 mm pig serial c.s. Complete series. Digitized 35 mm slides: Available on the shared directory 10 mm pig serial cross sections (several sets: B&W and color) Human developmental anatomy slide sets (Carolina) (Biology Media) Q: How many pigs in a litter?
A: It depends on the breed of pig. But here's an example: 'Current farm data suggests that the herd average for pigs born alive is eleven.' . Embryology Lab Exam #5 (= Lab Final Exam) Coverage & Format: Lab Unit 5 material (10 mm pig) The usual lab exam format (this lab exam will be from digital images). Date, Time: TBA Both the 9:30 and the 11:00 lab sections will have the Unit 5 lab exam (the lab final) together.
Embryology Lecture Resources & Assignments: Lecture Final BIOL 211 Comprehensive Lecture Final. Date & Time: TBA. (during Final Exam Week).
Format # Points 100 Points + 5 Bonus Points Multicompletion 12 Multicompletion Instructions: Answer A if 1, 2, & 3 are correct; B if 1 & 3; C if 2 & 4; D if 4; E if all are correct Multiple Choice (choose the one, best answer) 15 Matching (germ layers) 23 Matching (structure ID) 10 Matching (structure origin) 18 True/False (0.5 pt. Ea.) 27. Coverage: Text Chapter (approx. # points) Beginning of Human Development, 1st Week: Ch.
2 (4), Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc, 2nd Week and Placenta, Fetal Membranes: Chs. 3&7 (3), Formation of Germ Layers and Early Diff., 3rd Week: Chs.
4&5 (5), Body Cavities, Mesenteries, Diaphragm: Ch. 8 (4), Pharyngeal Apparatus: Ch. 9 (8), Respiratory Sys.: Ch.
10 (3), Digestive Sys.: Ch. 11 (4), Urogenital Sys.: Ch. 12 (6), Cardiovascular Sys.: Ch.
13 (9), Nervous Sys.: Ch. 17 (25), Eye and Ear: Ch.
18 (22), Integumentary Sys.: Ch. Your Grade in the Embryology Lecture Course will be calculated as the percent of 640 Total Points you have earned for the semester.
(The 'total' does not include bonus points, so because of Bonus Points on exams and quizzes, it is possible to have an average greater than 100%!) In-class Lecture Quizzes #1-7 total 40 points Quiz #8 is a Bonus Quiz, add this score to your lecture points earned Five 5-point Moodle Lecture Unit quizzes (max 25 Bonus Points) Plus Lecture Review Moodle quizzes Lecture Exams #1-5 total 500 points Comprehensive Lecture Final = 100 points. Your Grade in the Embryology Lab course will be calculated as the percent of 500 Total Points you have earned for the semester. (The lab 'total' does not include bonus points included on each lab exam.) Lab Exams 1-5 @ 100 points each total 500 points. Grading Scale for Lecture and Lab: A = 100-90.0% and, of course, 100% = A B = 89.9-80.0% C = 79.9-70.0% D = 69.9-60.0%. All evaluation opportunities for the lecture and lab courses are listed above and are equally available to each student. In order to be fair to all students, there will be no last-minute 'extra credit.' .
Lecture Unit 5 Lecture Unit 5: Dig. Sys., Coelom & Mesenteries, Branchial arches, and UG Sys. Current, full size slides are on the shared directory. Bonus Lecture Quiz (Lecture Quiz #8).
Maximum of 5 or 6 Bonus Points added to your Lecture Exam and Quiz total points. Topics: Digestive System Development and Anatomy Format: 50% Diagrams to label; 50% Fill-in-the-blank questions. Date: TBA.
Lecture Exam 5 Format & Coverage: See Lecture Slides for Unit 5 (in Supplement and on the shared directory). Web Sites for Unit 5. (Indiana Univ.) Includes sections on: cardiovascular, head and neck, gastrointestinal, limbs, urinary & reproductive.
Devel of Digestive Sys (Temple). Devel of Gut tube (UNC) Annotated SEM images. Devel of Respiratory Sys (Temple). Illustrated tutorials from Vesalius. Devel of Pharynx (Temple). Tutorial on Branchial arches. Devel of Face and Pituitary (Temple).
Craniofacial Devel (UNC) Annotated SEM images. Devel of human sex organs. Devel of UG Sys (Temple). Devel of UG Sys (UNC) Annotated SEM images. (includes animations and parent/patient info). Human Development: System by System.
Lecture Unit 4 Lecture Unit 4: Sense organs, Integument, Circulatory sys. Lecture Quiz 7: Topics = Sense organs (including inner and middle ear), Integument (including tooth development). Detailed diagrams to label.
10 points. Lecture slides are on Moodle and the shared directory Web Sites on Unit 4 Topics. web site. (Also good for lab Unit 4): Using Chicken embryo examples.
(U Wash). (Annotated SEM).
(Indiana Univ.) Includes sections on: cardiovascular, head and neck, gastrointestinal, limbs, urinary & reproductive. (Animations) U. (Temple U) Illustrated notes.
Scroll down the left frame to get to the section you need. Heart Devel. (Loyola) An excellent tutorial. Heart Devel. (UNSW) Labeled diagrams and movies. (UNC) Annotated SEM images. With animated images.
(Kyoto). (with animations). (Mayo Clinic): illustrated.
Lecture Unit 3 Lecture Unit 3: Nervous System Lecture Quizzes for Unit 3. Lecture Quiz #5: Nervous System Topics: First lectures on this unit (lecture + text) Format: Multiple Choice. 5 points. Lecture Quiz #6: Nervous System: Topics: 5 Brain Regions: ( Telencephalon, Di-, Mes-, Met-, Myel-) Name the brain region that includes a specific cranial nerve nucleus or structure. 8 Functional Categories (see list, Suppl. 63 & slides): Name the described functional category. 12 Cranial Nerves: Give the name and # of the described nerve; name the brain region that includes a specified C.N.
Format: Fill-in the blanks. 5 points (10 questions). Please note: A complete understanding of all of the above information is the STARTING POINT in your preparation for lecture Exam #3! DO NOT leave the mastery of these fundamentals to the last minute. Current, full size lecture slides and supplemental illustrations are on the shared directory Histogenesis of the Nervous System.
web site. (Temple Univ.) Features interactive labeled illustrations.:. (Brain): Includes excellent illustration of Cerebellar histology.
(Temple) Scroll down the page to Hypophysis. (also for Lect. Unit 4): Using Chicken embryo examples. More Web Resources for Lecture Unit 3 N.S.
(Yale Univ. School of Medicine). (General info). Human Annotated SEM images. Devel. & Neuroanatomy (U Wash) @ Washington Well labeled illustrations. Includes a self-quiz.
Look at each of the following sections: Objectives Neural tube Telencephalon Neural Crest Brainstem Nuclei. Or, use the following link then follow then choose Neuroanat. Syllabus then Development. @ Washington Includes embryo and adult neuroanatomy. (Temple U.).
Illustrated notes. (Temple). (Temple).: Self-test questions, animated diagrams, etc. Iowa).
Neural Development. NS development from Crump Inst: Colorful illustrations and Quicktime animations. (Arizona). from Utah.
Shows the adult human brain. External features of the Brain' and scroll down to see brain regions, cranial nerves, etc. The site opens windows with labeled photographs.: Neural Crest transplant experiments. Lecture Unit 2 Lecture Unit 2 Lecture Unit 2 Quizzes:. Lecture Quiz # 3 = Date TBA (tentative date listed in syllabus) Topics: Material covered from the start of Unit 2 (4 lectures) Fertilization, Blastocyst, and Early Gastrulation in mammal (human) Format: Objective (Multiple choice, Fill-in the Blanks, etc.) Five Points toward Lecture course total points. Lecture Quiz # 4 = Date TBA (tentative date listed in syllabus) Topics: Lectures previous 4 lectures Gastrulation; Germ Layers; Early Neurulation.
Format: Objective (Multiple choice, Fill-in the Blanks, etc.) Five Points toward Lecture course total points. Web Sites for Lecture Unit 2 Web Resources on Lecture Unit 2 Topics:. unsw.: illustrations and video. Acrosome reaction studied in sea urchins ( Scientific American). (NOVA episode, you can view it all on the web).
Follow human fertilization and embryonic development. (YouTube).
unsw. The Visible Embryo has images of the first nine weeks of human development. For unit 2, we emphasize the first four weeks, from fertilization to somite development. Teaching Sept.
2002). (annotatesd SEM). unsw. (Special issue of Nature). (Des Moines Univ.) Free online. (free online) material from U.S.
Army manual, Basic Medical Terminology. Current, full size lecture slides are on the shared directory. Do mitochondria from the sperm contrbute to the Zygote or not?. from Newsday (22 Aug. 2002) In a discovery that upsets one of the central dogmas of biology, scientists in Denmark have determined that a 28-year-old man inherited a disease from his father that until now was believed transmissible only through women, scientists report in a study released today. The finding zeros in on the components of cells called the mitochondria, the main sources of the body's energy.
These tiny bean-shaped constituents, found in each cell, carry their own DNA, apart from the body's nuclear genes inherited from both parents. Mitochondrial DNA has been believed passed from one generation to the next only along a maternal line of inheritance. Fathers, scientists long believed, did not transmit them. The sperm cells' few mitochondria, scientists discovered only two years ago, are assassinated by killer proteins in the egg.
This molecular murder plot is carried out not long after conception. Marianne Schwartz and colleagues in the department of clinical genetics at the Copenhagen Muscle Research Center have found that a man not only has inherited paternal mitochondria, but that he has developed a genetic muscle disease caused by a distinct defect due to paternal inheritance. Lecture Unit 1.